现精典课件代物理学.pptVIP

What is Modern Physics? Modern physics only came of age in the 1900’s. Physicists discovered that Newtonian mechanics did not apply when objects were very small or moved very fast! If things are confined to very small dimensions (nanometer-scale), then QUANTUM mechanics is necessary. Atomic orbitals, quantum heterostructures. If things move very fast (close to the speed of light), then RELATIVISTIC mechanics is necessary. Cosmic particles, atomic clocks (GPS), synchrotrons. Plan for Physics 320. Test #1: Nuclear Atom, Wave/Particle Duality, Wave Packets Test #2: Schroedinger Equation, Atomic Solid-state Physics Nuclear Physics, Relativity Topic 1: Nuclear Atomic Model Optical (Atomic) Spectra Lower-energy optical absorption/emission lines from materials indicate quantized electron energy levels. Bohr model predicts energy transitions for one-electron atoms. X-ray Spectra Analogous to optical spectra, but for higher-energy x-ray transitions of heavier, multi-electron elements. Franck-Hertz Experiment Quantized inelastic scattering of electrons in Hg gas provide evidence for atomic energy levels. Rutherford Scattering Experiment Large scattering angles of alpha particles from atoms in a metal foil indicate a “hard” nuclear model. Atomic Spectra In 1885, Balmer observed Hydrogen spectrum and saw colored lines. Found empirical formula for discrete wavelengths of lines. Formula generalized by Rydberg for all one-electron atoms. Atomic Spectra: Modern Physics Lab Atomic Spectra: Hydrogen Energy Levels Atomic Spectra: Rydberg Formula for H Rydberg constant R ~ 1.097 × 107 m-1 nfinal = 1 (Lyman), 2 (Balmer), 3 (Paschen) Bohr Model Problem: Classical model of the electron “orbiting” nucleus is unstable. Why unstable? Electron experiences centripetal acceleration. Accelerated electron emits radiation. Radiation leads to energy loss. Electron eventually “crashes” into nucleus. Solution: In 1913, Bohr proposed quantized model of the H atom to predict the observed