英语选修课语法简要讲解.docVIP

语法专题（一）定语从句 考点一：关系代词的用法 1．关系代词的作用和分类 (1)关系代词的作用有三个： ①连接作用：关系代词引导从句，把它和主句连接起来； ②替代作用：关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词； ③成分作用：关系代词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语成分。 (2)关系代词的用法分类 关系代词的用法分类有三点依据： ①根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性； ②根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物； ③根据它在从句中所充当的成分——主语、宾语、表语或定语。 2．易混关系代词辨析 (1)关系代词that和which 先行词是物时，关系代词that，which一般可以通用，但也有区别。 1)只能用that的情况 ①先行词为指物的不定代词(all, nothing, the one, much等)或被不定代词修饰时，如： You can take any seat that is free. Tell us all that you know. ②先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时，如： That is the first composition that Ive written in English. ③先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时，如： This is the best way that has been used against pollution. ④当人和物同为先行词时，如： Everyone wants to see the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth. ⑤关系代词在从句中作表语时，如： He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. ⑥先行词被the only，the very修饰时，如： That is the very pen (that) I am looking for. ⑦当先行词是which时，如： Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? ⑧先行词为the way/the time/the moment/the first time/the last time等名词时，如： I dont like the way(that)he talks. This is the third time(that)he has been late this week. 注意：此时that为关系副词，若先行词没有被the first/the last修饰时，用that和when均可，如： The time (that)/(when) I saw you was 8：00. (2)关系代词as和which as既可指人又可指物，主要用于as…；as…as；the same…as…；such…as…等结构中，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导的从句可位于句中、句首、句末。如： As is reported in the newspaper，talks between the two countries are making progress. Mary was late for school，as is often the case. as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个句子，而which不仅可修饰整个句子还可以修饰单个名词。如： The meeting，which was held in the park，was a success. The meeting was a success，as was expected. (3)who和that 先行词是人时，关系代词可用who(m)，that引导定语从句，但下列情况一般用who，而不用that。 ①先行词是one，ones，anyone或anybody，those时，如： Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ②一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个的关系词是that时，如： The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class. ③在there be句型中和非限制性句型中，如： There is a person who wants to see you. I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company. (4)who，whom和whose who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，