(时延,丢弃)显式拥塞信令.ppt

William StallingsData and Computer Communications7th Edition Chapter 13 Congestion in Data Networks Main Contents 13.1 Effects of congestion 13.2 congestion control Key Points Concept of congestion p396 Congestion control techniques * Fig.1.3 A NetworkingConfiguration 13.1 What Is Congestion? Congestion occurs when the number of packets being transmitted through the network approaches the packet handling capacity of the network Congestion control aims to keep number of packets below level at which performance falls off dramatically Data network is a network of queues Finite queues mean data may be lost Fig.13.1 Queues at a Node Flow control vs Congestion control Flow control means preventing the source from sending data that the sink will end up dropping because it runs out of buffer space.终端将因缓存溢出而最终性能下降。 This is fairly easy with a sliding window protocol- Congestion control means preventing the source from sending data that will end up getting dropped by a router because its queue is full. 最终因路由器队列已满而导致性能开始下降。 This is more complicated, because packets from different sources travelling different paths can converge on the same queue. Effects of Congestion -No Control load load Delay Normalized throughput 时延 归一化 吞吐量 载荷（负载） Normalized load Normalized throughput 归一化 吞吐量 理想情况 实际情况 载荷（负载） 无拥塞 严重拥塞 中等拥塞 13.2 Mechanisms for Congestion Control P401 反压 阻流分组 隐式拥塞信令 (时延,丢弃) 显式拥塞信令 (二进制,信用,速率) 监管 (1)Backpressure 反压 If node becomes congested it can slow down or halt flow of packets from other nodes Propagates back to source E.g. X.25: Used in connection oriented that allow hop by hop congestion control (2)Choke Packet 阻流分组 Control packet Generated at congested node Sent to source node E.g. ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) 网络控制报文协议 Source Quench packet 源端抑制报文 A source-quench message informs the source that a datagram has been discarded due to congestion in a router or the destination host. O