Fallacy谬误选编.pptVIP

Fallacy Dicto simpliciter （草率前提、简化推论）： It draws a conclusion from an over-simplistic statement of a rule. It’s an argument based on an unqualified generalization. 该理论认为通则不能容忍任何例外，是一个不合格的格言，太绝对的格言。 It’s also known as sweeping generalization. 通常也被称为笼统概论。 例如： 吃肉会长胖。 对于要长肉的人来说，喝凉水都会长肉。对于某些人来说，怎么吃也不长。 所以吃肉会长胖是一个草率前提。 It takes two forms:1. Destroying the exception by insisting on the rule, which is called Accident. (Fallacy of accident) 偶例谬误或偶然谬误，意外谬误，是一种“通则凌驾例外”的非形式谬误，是基于某个通则的存在，而否定例外的存在或正当性。 例如： 超速是不对的。 所以救护车不应该超速。 2.Destroying the rule by insisting on the exception which is called Reverse Accident. (Or in Latin, secumdum quid.) ( Converse Fallacy) 逆偶例谬误或逆偶然谬误、逆意外谬误，是一种“例外凌驾通则”的非形式谬误，是基于某个例外的存在，而否定一般性的通则。 例如： 救护车可以超速。 所以我们不应该设下时速限制。 Hasty Generalization： (草率结论、仓促概括、轻率概化） It draws a conclusion from a sample that is too small, that is to say, it’s made up of too few cases. For example: You can’t speak French. I can’t speak French. Petey Burch can’t speak French. Nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French. Its a logical fallacy of faulty generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence. It commonly involves basing a broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group that fails to sufficiently represent the whole population. 轻率概化又称不当概化、错误概化或范例肯证等等，是一种非形式谬误，系指未充分考虑一般性的情形，只凭不充分或不具代表性的实例或样本就推论出归纳性的结论。 I asked six of my friends what they thought of the new spending restraints and they agreed it is a good idea. The new restraints are therefore generally popular. 我去台北住了一个礼拜，有三天在下雨。所以台北大约有一半的时间在下雨。 小明只有一只脚。小明是个人。 所以人只有一只脚。 For example: Post Hoc( 牵强附会) A Post Hoc is a fallacy with the following form: A occurs before B. Therefore A is the cause of B. A clipped form of post hoc,ergo propter hoc. Post hoc,ergo propter hoc is a Latin phrase meaning after this, therefore because of this. 因为两个事件紧挨着发生，便理所当然地认为第一个事件导致了后一个事件。 For example:Lets not take Bil