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Steelmaking Steel is an alloy made by combining iron and other elements, and the most common of these are carbon. When carbon is used, its content in the steel is between 0.002% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Other alloying elements sometimes used are manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium and niobium. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agent, preventing dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel (solute elements, precipitate