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“ British Doctors” study Doll R, Hill AB. Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking. BMJ, 1956;233:1071-81 Doll R, Hill AB. Mortality in relation to smoking: 10 years’ observation of British doctors. Brit Med J 1964;1:1399-1410,1460-1467 The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) is an ongoing prospective study of the natural and treated histories of HIV-1 infection in homosexual and bisexual men conducted by sites located in Baltimore, Chicago, Pittsburgh and Los Angeles. A total of 6,973 men have been enrolled. From April 1984 through March 1985, 4954 men were enrolled; an additional 668 men were enrolled from April 1987 through September 1991. A third enrollment of 1351 men took place between October 2001 and August 2003. This third cohort augments research efforts in the long term benefits and adverse effects of therapy. MACS History The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) is an ongoing prospective study of the natural and treated histories of HIV-1 infection in homosexual and bisexual men conducted since 1984 by sites located in Baltimore, Chicago, Pittsburgh and Los Angeles. Data from the MACS have been the basis of more than 780 publications in peer reviewed journals. In 1987, the Department of Epidemiology of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health was awarded a contract to be the Center for the Analysis and Management of the MACS Data (CAMACS). Starting in 1987 CAMACS has:  Participated in the planning and design of studies in all areas of MACS research Coordinated data acquisition by closely monitoring the development of forms used as data collection instruments and by establishing strict guidelines for data transfer through development of codebooks and design of data structures Standardized procedures for editing and updating the data, in close collaboration with the performance sites Established procedures for data management and organized the database to be conducive to efficient anal