marketsfactorsproduction演示文件修改版.pptVIP

12 The Markets for the Factors of Production 生产要素市场 In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What determines a competitive firm’s demand for labor? How does labor supply depend on the wage? What other factors affect labor supply? How do various events affect the equilibrium wage and employment of labor? The Markets for the Factors of Production Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services. 用于生产物品与劳务的投入。 The Market for the Factors of Production The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand. 生产要素的需求是派生需求。 A firm’s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market. 企业的生产要素需求是从它向另一个市场供给物品的决策派生出来的。 THE DEMAND FOR LABOR劳动力的需求 Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand. 与经济中的其他市场一样，劳动市场也是由供求力量支配的。 Figure 1 The Versatility of Supply and Demand THE DEMAND FOR LABOR Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs into the production of other goods. 大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者享用的，而是作为生产成本投入到其他物品的生产中。 The Production Function and the Marginal Product of Labor The production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good. 生产函数描述用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。 Table 1 How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to Hire Figure 2 The Production Function The Production Function and the Marginal Product of Labor The marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor. 劳动的边际产量：增加的一单位劳动所引起的产量的增加量。 MPL = ?Q/?L MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1) The Production Function and the Marginal Product of Labor Diminishing Marginal Product of Labor As the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labor declines. The production function becomes flatter as the number of workers rises. This property is called diminishing marginal product. The Production Function and the Marginal Product of