More than two groups ANOVA and Chisquare培训讲义.pptVIP

More than two groups: ANOVA and Chi-square First, recent news… RESEARCHERS FOUND A NINE-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF DEVELOPING PARKINSONS IN INDIVIDUALS EXPOSED IN THE WORKPLACE TO CERTAIN SOLVENTS… The data… Which statistical test? Comparing more than two groups… Continuous outcome (means) ANOVA example ANOVA (ANalysis Of VAriance) Idea: For two or more groups, test difference between means, for quantitative normally distributed variables. Just an extension of the t-test (an ANOVA with only two groups is mathematically equivalent to a t-test). One-Way Analysis of Variance Assumptions, same as ttest Normally distributed outcome Equal variances between the groups Groups are independent Hypotheses of One-Way ANOVA ANOVA It’s like this: If I have three groups to compare: I could do three pair-wise ttests, but this would increase my type I error So, instead I want to look at the pairwise differences “all at once.” To do this, I can recognize that variance is a statistic that let’s me look at more than one difference at a time… The “F-test” The F-distribution The F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution that depends on two parameters n and m (numerator and denominator degrees of freedom, respectively): The F-distribution A ratio of variances follows an F-distribution: How to calculate ANOVA’s by hand… ? Sum of Squares Within (SSW), or Sum of Squares Error (SSE) Sum of Squares Between (SSB), or Sum of Squares Regression (SSR) Total Sum of Squares (SST) Partitioning of Variance ANOVA Table ANOVA=t-test Example Example Example Step 3) Fill in the ANOVA table Step 3) Fill in the ANOVA table Coefficient of Determination Beyond one-way ANOVA Often, you may want to test more than 1 treatment. ANOVA can accommodate more than 1 treatment or factor, so long as they are independent. Again, the variation partitions beautifully! ? TSS = SSB1 + SSB2 + SSW ? ANOVA example Answer Step 1) calculate the sum of squares between groups: Mean for Scho