Networksnetworkdesign优秀讲义.pptVIP

yin yong Networks Network-based design. Communication analysis. System performance analysis. Internet-enabled systems. Communication analysis (P.303) First, understand delay for single message. Delay for multiple messages depends on: network protocol; devices on network. Message delay Assume: single message; no contention. Delay: tm = tx + tn + tr = xmtr overhead + network xmit time + rcvr overhead Example: I2C message delay Network transmission time dominates. Assume 100 kbits/sec, one 8-bit byte. Number of bits in packet: npacket = start + address + data + stop = 1 + 8 + 8 + 1 = 18 bits Time required to transmit: 1.8 x 10-4 sec. 20 instructions on 8 MHz controller adds 2.5 x 10-6 sec delay on xmtr, rcvr. Multiple messages If messages can interfere with each other, analysis is more complex. Model total message delay: ty = td + tm = wait time for network + message delay Arbitration and delay Fixed-priority arbitration introduces unbounded delay for all but highest-priority device. Unless higher-priority devices are known to have limited rates that allow lower devices to transmit. Round-robin arbitration introduces bounded delay proportional to N, that is N(tx+tarb) Example: adjusting messages to reduce delay (P.304) Task graph: Network: Initial schedule New design Modify P3: reads one packet of d1, one packet of d2 computes partial result continues to next packet New schedule Further complications Acknowledgment time. Transmission errors. Priority inversion in networks (P.305) In many networks, a packet cannot be interrupted. Result is priority inversion: low-priority message holds up higher-priority message. Doesn’t cause deadlock, but can slow down important communications. Multihop networks In multihop networks, one node receives message, then retransmits to destination (or intermediate). System performance analysis (P.306) System analysis is difficult in general. multiprocessor performance analysis is hard; communication performance analy