techniquesofbiotechnologymccleangood培训教程文件.pptVIP

Now that we understand the relationships between alleles at a gene, it is time to place this understanding in a large context. You should become very fluent with this concept: the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics. This concept is a unifying principle that describes the manner in which the sequence information in the gene is eventually expressed as a trait (or phenotype). DNA is the biochemical molecule of all genes. DNA contains the genetic code that will eventually be converted into the protein that will control the phenotype expression. But DNA is not directly used for phenotypic expression. Instead, the information in the DNA molecule is used to create an intermediary molecule (RNA). The process to produce RNA is called transcription. RNA is an active molecule in another process called translation that is used to create the protein. The protein itself can have many different functions. It could be an enzyme in a metabolic pathway. Alternatively, it could act as a regulator transcription. Finally, it could serve as a structural component of the cell. Whatever it role is, it will control the final phenotype or the outward appearance of plant. Remember our definition of biotechnology??? Here is the detailed one again: The application of the technology to modify the biological function of an organism by adding genes from another organism. As the definition implies, we first need to isolate a gene that will be added to our organism of interest. For example, we may wish to add a gene from a bacteria into a plant species. Another approach would be to isolate a gene from our species of interest, modify that gene to change its function, and then reinsert the modified form back into the species. This is the first major biotechnology step, and it is called gene manipulation. Once we have isolated or modified the gene of interest, the next step is gene introduction. This step involves the addition of the gene to our species of interest. In all cas