英文版药理重点精简.docxVIP

1. What are therapeutic effect and adverse drug reaction? What are the classification and definition of different types of adverse drug reaction? Adverse drug reaction：①Side reaction Side reaction occurs in therapeutic doses and usually in mild appearance; results mostly from drugs that lack specificity. e.g. Insomnia is the common CNS adverse effect of ephedrine（麻黄碱）②Toxic reaction ：Toxic reaction implies a direct action of the drug, often at high dose, damaging cells.③Residual effect：although the drug concentration in plasma has decreased under the thresholds concentration,the drug may still make action④Withdrawal reaction :Sudden discontinuation of clonidine may cause rebound reaction,worsen the condition of patients⑤Allergic reaction:Allergic reaction is an immune response. Allergic reaction to drugs are the resultant of the interaction of drug or metabolite (or a nondrug element in the formulation) with patient and disease, and subsequent re-exposure.⑥Idiosyncratic reaction:Idiosyncrasy is defined as a genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical2. What are the definition and characteristics of zero-order elimination kinetics? How to calculate the t1/2 of a drug with zero-order elimination kinetics? What are the definition and characteristics of first-order elimination kinetics? How to calculate the t1/2 of a drug with first-order elimination kinetics?zero-order elimination kineticsDefinition: Zero-order kinetics describes a decrease in drug levels in the body that is independent of the plasma concentration.Characteristics: ①The rate of elimination is constant (i.e constant amount elimination per unit time is independent of drug concentration).②When the plasma concentration is plotted against time, the decrease is a straight line.③A few drugs are eliminated as zero-order kinetics.t?=0.5 C0/KFirst-order elimination kinetics:Definition: the rate of elimination is proportional to the drug concentration in the plasmaCharacteristics: ①Elimination rate i