EXPERIMENTFLFLOW-WakeForestUniversity…佛罗里达州维克森林大学实验流程….docVIP

Viscous Flow?98 Experiment 12 Objective: To measure some properties of fluid flows and interpret the results using the continuity equation, Bernoulli’s equation, and Poiseuille’s Law. DISCUSSION: Steady flows are driven by forces that are balanced by resisting forces. For instance, the amount of water coming out of a shower depends on the water pressure as provided by private or municipal water systems, and the resistance to flow of the many small holes in the shower head. A graph of the height, h, of the water level above the head of the pipe vs. time, t, illustrates the variation in the flow rate as a function of time. The volume flow, Vf, during a time t is given by Poiseuilles Law (1) where L is the length of the pipe, d is the diameter of the pipe, ( is the coefficient of viscosity, P2 (= Patm), is the atmospheric pressure at the open end of the pipe, and P1 is the pressure at the opening of the pipe inside the bottle, as seen in Figure 1. Neglect for the moment the contribution the pressure differential makes towards increasing the kinetic energy of the fluid. Then P2=Patm, atmospheric pressure, while P1 is the pressure at the head of the pipe. This pressure is given by (2) where ( is the density of water and h is the height of the water level above the hole. Thus P1 - P2 = (gh. Note the rate of change of height is negative, . The rate of decrease of volume inside the bottle is given by . (3) where A is the cross-sectional area of the bottle. The continuity equation states that the rate of decrease of fluid volume in the bottle must equal the negative of the rate of fluid volume that flows out of the pipe, i.e. (4) Using Eq. (3) for the flow in the bottle, and Eq. (1) for the flow in the pipe, Eq. (4) becomes Integrating this equation gives