无线通信原理与应用 传输技术基础.pptVIP

Transmission Fundamentals Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Signal Function of time Can also be expressed as a function of frequency Signal consists of components of different frequencies Time-Domain Concepts Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time No breaks or discontinuities in the signal Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time s(t +T ) = s(t ) -￥ t +￥ where T is the period of the signal Time-Domain Concepts Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesnt repeat over time Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of the signal over time; typically measured in volts Frequency (f ) Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at which the signal repeats Time-Domain Concepts Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one repetition of the signal T = 1/f Phase (?) - measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal Wavelength (?) - distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles Sine Wave Parameters General sine wave s(t ) = A sin(2?ft + ?) Figure 2.3 shows the effect of varying each of the three parameters (a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, ? = 0; thus T = 1s (b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5 (c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T = ? (d) Phase shift; ? = ?/4 radians (45 degrees) note: 2? radians = 360° = 1 period Sine Wave Parameters Time vs. Distance When the horizontal axis is time, as in Figure 2.3, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in space as a function of time With the horizontal axis in space, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in time as a function of distance At a particular instant of time, the intensity of the signal varies as a function of distance from the source Frequency-Domain Concepts Fundamental frequency - w