最有效管理工具六西格玛 绿带经典培训教材优秀培训书.pptVIP

* Area under a normal curve Regardless of what is the value of mean (m) 和标准偏差 (?) for a normal distribution, the total area under the curve is 1. (i.e. total probability is 1 or 100%) Normal Distribution -6? -5? -4? -3? -2? -1? 0 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 99.9999998% 99.73% 95.45% --68.27%-- ± 3? variation is called natural tolerance 1. Approximately 68.27% of all values in a normally distributed population lie within one 标准偏差 from the mean. 2. Approximately 95.45% of all values in a normally distributed population lie within two 标准偏差s from the mean. 3. Approximately 99.73% of all values in a normally distributed population lie within three 标准偏差s from the mean. * Using the standard normal probability distribution table As the probability distribution of a normal curve is associated with its mean 和标准偏差, we are able to determine the area under the curve by normalizing the distance a random variable is away from its mean, with its 标准偏差. This is denoted as: X - m Z = ? Where; X = value of the random variable which we are concerned m = mean of the distribution of this random variable ? = 标准偏差 of this distribution z = number of 标准偏差s from X to its mean of this distribution * Using the standard normal probability distribution table (con’t) Assuming, Mean, m = 5 标准偏差, ? = 0.1 What is the probability associate with the area under the normal curve if random variable X = 5.05. Z = (X – m) / ? = (5.05 – 5) / 0.1 = 0.5 m = 5 5.05 0.5 ? From the table: Area under the curve when Z = 0.5 is: 0.6915 * Example of using normal distribution A self-administered 培训program aiming at upgrading the statistic skills of the line operators has been initiated in ABC company for 12 months. As this is a self-administered program, different candidates will take different times to complete the 培训. From the 12 months records, the average length of time spent to complete the program is 400 hours with a 标准偏差 of 80 hours. What i