可数名词和不可数名词.docxVIP

Unit 1 Nouns and Noun Phrases1.1 kinds of nounsword formation构词法: Simple简单名词, compound复合名词 and derivative nouns派生名词 lexical meaning词汇意义: Proper专有名词 and common nouns普通名词Proper nouns专有名词: France, Madrid, TomCommon nouns普通名词分为四大类： 1. collective noun 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。 eg: family, team, cattle, police2. individual noun 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。 eg. boy, house, tiger, insect3. abstract nouns 抽象名词：表示抽象的概念。 eg: glory, honesty, failure, education 4. material noun 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。 eg: water, air, bread, riceand grammatical form语法意义: Countable nouns, uncountable nouns and nouns that can be countable and uncountable1.2 function of nouns 1. The subject of verb: Tom arrived.2. 作补语The complement of the subject be, become, seem: Tom is an actor.The complement of the object call: We call her Miss Wang3. 作宾语The object of a verb: I saw Tom.The object of a preposition :I spoke to Tom.4. 作同位语: The small desks and chairs are for us students.5. A noun can also be in the possessive case: Tom’s books.6. 称呼语 Helen, open the door.7. 作副词 She was late three times this week.2. Number of Nouns (名词的数) 英语可数名词有单数(singular)和复数(plural)两种形式, 表示一个人或事物用单数形式, 表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。 名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化, 如: a pen, a bed, a room, an English book。 名词复数形式有着规则的(Regular plurals)与不规则的(Irregular plurals)变化形式，以及复合名词(compound nouns) 特殊的变化形式。2.1 Regular plurals 1.The plural of a noun usually by adding –s to the singular: day-days, dog-dogs, house-houses “ -s” is pronounced /s/ after a p, k or f sound. Otherwise it is pronounced /z/. When -s is placed after -ce, -ge,-se,or -ze an extra syllable(/IZ/) is added to the spoken word. 2.Nouns ending in –o, –s, -ch, -sh, -ss, or -x form their plural by adding -es: tomato-tomatoes, brush-brushes, box-boxes, church-churches, class-classes when es is placed after -ch, -sh, -ss or --x an extra syllable(/IZ/)is added to the spoken word. And after –o, -es is pronounced /Z/.Notes:1. 如果词尾的ch发k音，要加-s, e.g. monarch君主, stomach, patriarch族长, epoch2. 但是有些以字母o结尾的外来词或缩写词的复数形式只加-s，如果o前面的是元音字母