病毒遗传及变异.ppt

II. Modes of viral transmission  传播方式 ※Horizontal transmission水平传播: direct host-to-host transmission of viruses. 人与人不同个体间的传播 ※ Vertical transmission垂直传播: the transmission of viruses from parent to the young via placenta, birth canal.  亲代通过胎盘或产道传给子代 Local infection → Systemic infection Direct contact ：细胞→细胞 blood：侵入部位→血液 neural system：感染部位神经元 III. Routes of transmission 播散方式 ※ Unapparent infection 隐性感染 (subclinical infection): Virus multiply in the host cells without causing clinical  symptoms or causing mild symptoms. Significance: important source of infection; 重要传染源 acquire immunity; 获得免疫力 misdiagnose or fail to diagnose;易误诊和漏诊 IV、 ※ Types of infection 感染类型 Viruses multiply in host cells and cause clinical symptoms. Acute infection 急性病毒感染: short incubation, sudden onset, and short duration of disease (several days to weeks); e.g., common cold, influenza, hepatitis A. Persistent viral infection 持续性病毒感染: viruses persist in the host for long time period, several months or  years or decades ，sometimes for the whole life. ※ Apparent infection 显性感染 Latent infection: Viruses persist in the host in a hiding form and there is no production of infectious viruses. Under some conditions, the latent viruses are activated and multiply to produce clinical symptoms. E.g. HSV-1 Chronic infection: After acute infection, viruses are not eliminated and there is intermittent间歇的multiplication and shedding排出 of viruses. Virus can be continuously detected; often mild, or no clinical symptoms. E.g. HBV cause chronic hepatitis B. Slow virus infection / delay infection: possess a prolonged incubation period lasting months or years after viral infection, during which no clinical