chapter16.anintroductiontoinfraredspectroscopy.pptVIP

Chapter 16. An Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy 16A. theory of Infrared spectroscopy 16B. infrared sources and transducers 16C. infrared instruments infrared region:12800 to 10 cm-1 divided into near-, mid, and far-infrared radiation P381: table 16-1 16A. theory of Infrared spectroscopy16A-1 introduction differences between ultraviolet/visible and infrared spectra Dipole changes during vibrations and rotations a net change in dipole moment the alternating electrical field of the radiation interact with the molecule and cause changes in the amplitude of one of its motions example: P382 hydrogen chloride molecule vibrates a regular fluctuation in dipole moment occurs a field is established that can interact with the electrical field associated with radiation the frequency of the radiation exactly matches a natural vibrational frequency of the molecule a net transfer of energy takes place a change in the amplitude of the molecular vibration absorption of the radiation (1) a net change in dipole moment (2) ΔE=hυ Types of molecular vibrations Stretching vibrations(伸缩振动): symmetric asymmetric bending vibrations(弯曲振动): scissoring（剪式振动） rocking（面内摇摆振动） wagging（面外摇摆振动） twisting（扭曲变形振动） 16A-2 mechanical model of a stretching vibration in a diatomic molecule stretching vibration----a mechanical model two masses connected by a spring a vibration: simple harmonic motion（简谐振动）. Hooke’s Law（虎克定律） 16B infrared sources and transducers sources: Nernst glower and globar source Transducers: thermocouples(热电偶) Chapter 17 Applications of Infrared spectrometry 17A. mid-infrared absorption spectrometry 17A-1 sample handling Gases Solutions Solvents Liquid solid 17A-2 qualitative analysis Fundamental frequencies 基频 Overtone frequencies 倍频 Combination frequencies 合频 Difference frequencies 差频 Two-step process: Examining the group frequency region 基频区(3600~1200 cm-1)； A detailed comparison of the spectrum of the unknown with the spectra of pure compo