第一章基本概念chapter1.basicconcepts.ppt

第一章 基本概念Chapter 1. Basic Concepts  热力系统（Thermodynamic System） 系统的状态参数（Properties of A System） 状态及平衡状态（State and Equilibrium） 过程与循环（Process and Cycles） §1.1 热力系统 Thermodynamic System 热力系统的定义（Definition ） 系统就是指被选做研究对象的物体或空间。 （A quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.） For example: 外界（Surroundings） The mass or region outside the system （2）边界（Boundary） The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings. (3) 系统与外界之间的质量及能量交换都必须穿越边界 The mass or energy exchange between system and its surroundings must cross the boundaries. (4) Characteristics of Boundary 热力系统选取的人为性 闭口系与外界无物质交换 A Closed system (a control mass 控制质量) consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. That is, no mass enters or leave a closed system. 　 　　 such as, Piston-cylinder device (汽缸-活塞装置） 　 An Open system (or a control volume 控制体积）is a properly selected region in space. Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume. such as, A Water heater, a turbine and a compressor, etc 绝热系统与外界之间无热量交换 Adiabatic system is that no heat cross the boundary or heat is negligible compared with work cross the boundary 孤立系统与外界之间无任何物质和能量交换 Isolated system is a special case that no mass and energy cross the boundary. （2）其它分类方式 §1.2状态及状态参数State and State Properties 状态：某一瞬间热力系所呈现的宏观状况 State: it reveals the physical condition of a system. Consider a system not undergoing any change. At this point, all the properties can be measured or calculated throughout the entire system. It can be described by a set of properties （1）状态参数：描述系统宏观物理状况的物理量,简称参数 Properties are used to depict any characteristic of a system. such as Pressure P （压力），temperature T（温度）， volume V（体积），mass m（质量）， internal energy U（内能），enthalpy（焓）， entropy（熵）， viscosity（粘度）， ther