运营管理期末复习(下).docVIP

11.Inventory存货 Inventory: The number of flow units within a process at a specific point in time. 在一个特定的时间点上某个生产流程中产品的数量。 Physical inventories include raw materials (RM), work in process (WIP), and finished goods (FG).包括原材料、在制品、成品。 Let Ri(t) = Inflow Rate at time t Ro(t) = Outflow Rate at time t Ri(t) - Ro(t) = Inventory Accumulation Rate I(t) = I(t-1) + Ri(t) - Ro(t) (Inventory Balance equation) I(t) also fluctuates over time Meaningful Measurement: Average Inventory (I) 12.Little’s Law Little’s Law states a mathematical relationship between throughput rate,throughput time and the number of work-in-process inventory. Inventory = Throughput x Flow Time I = R x T Turnover = Throughput / Inventory = 1/ T For given level of throughput in any process, the only way to reduce flow time is to reduce inventory, and vice versa.给定水平下的产出，缩短生产时间的唯一途径就是减少存货，反之亦然。 13The following Benefits of shorter flow time? (1)Flow time affects delivery response time, Make-to-order Production system: faster response 缩短交付响应时间。 (2)Little’s Law: lower inventory 更低的存货 (3)New Product Development: early market introduction. 更早的市场导入 (4)Products with short seasons (e.g. fashion goods): delay production 短季商品的提早入市 13. Capacity Process Capacity is the maximum sustainable Flow Rate (Throughput) of a process The Capacity for a process, the less situations where we have sufficient supply to match demand Process Capacity Depending on the flow unit, the network structure of activities and buffers, the resources allocated to perform them, operating policies流程能力取决于流动单元, 缓冲与活动的网络结构,资源分配,运营策略等 Flow Rate=Min{Available Input rate, Demand Rate, Process Capacity} Activity Capacity：It depend on the resource allocation, resource character(resource flexibility, Load Batch), time available, etc （1）Activity Time: the time required by a typical flow unit to complete the activity once （2）Visits: rework requires activities to be repeated several times （3）Work Content: the activity