心理学部分名词解释汇总.docxVIP

1单眼线索Monocular cues (单眼线索)–Our brain also uses information from the stimulus that does not involve our use of both eyes视空间知觉的线索包括单眼线索和双眼线索。单眼线索主要强调视觉刺激本身的特点，双眼线索则强调双眼的协调活动所产生的反馈信息的作用。单凭一只眼睛即可利用单眼线索（monocular cue）而相当好地感知深度，艺术家们特别擅长利用单眼线索制造作品中的深度等空间关系。单眼线索很多，其中主要的有如下几种。（1）对象的相对大小（2）遮挡(occlusion）（3）质地梯度（4）明亮和阴影（5）线条透视（6）空气透视（7）运动视差（8）眼睛的调节2知觉解释1)Is perception innate or acquired?Restored Vision (视觉恢复)Figure-ground –InbornShape, form, depth, motion perception—experienceSensory Deprivation (感觉剥夺)Conclusion: There is a critical period shortly after birth when certain stimulation must take place for normal sensory and perceptual development.2)How flexible is our perceptual system once it is formed?–Perceptual adaptation (知觉适应): adjustment in perception in correspondence to changed visual input.?Distorted goggles experiments (变形眼镜实验)3知觉定势Perceptual Set (知觉定势)Our experiences, assumptions, and expectations (i.e., learned schema) may give us a mental readiness to perceive things in a certain way. 知觉定势是由过去经验和环境中事物之间的关系而产生的对感知世界的一种知觉启动. ：因为以前的经验和知觉的影响，而产生的对以后事情发生是的一定模式的反映思维与语言4思维的定义mental activity associated with processing, understanding, and communicating information思维（或认知），是所有与信息加工，理解，记忆和交流相关联的心理活动。5思维的三要素1）心理表象 Mental Images (mental representations of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, etc.) 2）概念(Concepts)A mental grouping of persons, places, ideas, events, or objects that share common properties Priming：When one concept is ‘activated’, others nearby in the network are primed 3）语言Language(a form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules)6问题解决策略1）Trial error：试错法，尝试错误：一种通过尝试各式各样的方法或理论直到错误被充分地减少或杜绝从而达到正确的解决方法或令人满意的结果的方法 2）Algorithm：A systematic, step-by-step problem-solving strategy, guaranteed to provide a solution算法：通过按部就班的程序使结果得以论证或使问题得以解决3）Heuristic：A rule of thumb that allows one to make judgments that are quick but often in error直觉：采取简单的策略解决问题4）Insight 顿悟：突然的灵感7问题解决障碍1)思维定势Mental Sets(persistence in us