4.1 Trace elements in the environment Movement of trace ....pptVIP

m-3(urban roads) are common. Lead in motor vehicle exhaust emissions consists principally of particle size 0.5 um in diameter, 90% of which are respirable [r?spa??bl]. Lead is readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道. In blood, 95% of the lead is in red blood cells (RBC) and 5% in the plasma. Around 70-90% of the lead assimilated goes into the bones, then liver and kidneys. Lead readily replaces calcium in bones. The symptoms[‘s?mpt?m] 症状 of lead poisoning depend upon many factors including the magnitude and duration of lead exposure (dose), chemical form (organic is more toxic than inorganic), the age of the individual (children and the unborn are more susceptible[s?’s?pt?bl] 4.6 Selected important examples 易感的) and the overall state of health (Ca, Fe, or Zn deficiency enhances the uptake of Pb). Young children exposed to mild forms of lead suffer effects 影响 to the central nervous system, shown by hypertension, irritability and impaired motor skills 高血压、易怒和运动技能受损. There are some reports that mild Pb exposure will result in behavioral and educational abnormalities, and maybe even mental retardation 精神发育迟滞. Lead analysis of environmental or biological samples requires special considerations to be made during both collection and preparation stages. Lead in water appears to be primarily associated with particulates, so the type of filtration is important. The solubility 4.6 Selected important examples products of common lead compounds found in the environment are reasonably low, so acidification of samples (especially below pH 6-4) will increase the solubility of various lead species. Many plant samples may have significant lead deposits on the foliar or root surfaces, so care must be taken during collection and storage. Contamination problems are also common during blood collection through lead contributions from heparin [‘h?p?r?n] anticoagulants 肝素抗凝血剂, glass containers, and laboratory dusts. The principal methods of lead analysis a