2012年高考北京卷阅读理解真题附答案详解(全网最精解析版).docxVIP

-- 中国首家承诺学习效果的教育公司 2012年高考北京卷阅读理解真题附答案详解（全网最精解析版） Decision-making?under?Stress A?new?review?based?on?a?research?shows?that?acute?stress?affects?the?way?the?brain?considers?the?advantages?and?disadvantages,?causing?it?to?focus?on?pleasure?and?ignore?the?possible?negative?(负面的)?consequences?of?a?decision. The?research?suggests?that?stress?may?change?the?way?people?make?choices?in?predictable?ways. “Stress?affects?how?people?learn,”?says?Professor?Mara?Mather.?“People?learn?better?about?positive?than?negative?outcomes?under?stress.” For?example,?two?recent?studies?looked?at?how?people?learned?to?connect?images(影像)?with?either?rewards?or?punishments.?In?one?experiment,?some?of?the?participants?were?first?stressed?by?having?to?give?a?speech?and?do?difficult?math?problems?in?front?of?an?audience;?in?the?other,?some?were?stressed?by?having?to?keep?their?hands?in?ice?water.?In?both?cases,?the?stressed?participants?remembered?the?rewarded?material?more?accurately?and?the?punished?material?less?accurately?than?those?who?hadn’t?gone?through?the?stress. This?phenomenon?is?likely?not?surprising?to?anyone?who?has?tried?to?resist?eating?cookies?or?smoking?a?cigarette?while?under?stress?–at?those?moments,?only?the?pleasure?associated?with?such?activities?comes?to?mind.?But?the?findings?further?suggest?that?stress?may?bring?about?a?double?effect.?Not?only?are?rewarding?experiences?remembered?better,?but?negative?consequences?are?also?easily?recalled. The?research?also?found?that?stress?appears?to?affect?decision-making?differently?in?men?and?women.?While?both?men?and?women?tend?to?focus?on?rewards?and?less?on?consequences?under?stress,?their?responses?to?risk?turn?out?to?be?different. Men?who?had?been?stressed?by?the?cold-water?task?tended?to?take?more?risks?in?the?experiment?while?women?responded?in?the?opposite?way.?In?stressful?situations?in?which?risk-taking?can?pay?off?big,?men?may?tend?to?do?better,?when?caution?weighs?more,?however,?women?will?win. This?tendency?to?slow?do