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测试系统的基本特性 绪论 检测技术概念 检测技术的主要研究内容 检测技术的发展方向 Basic concepts Measurement is the operation of determining the value of a quantity. Measurement/instrumentation system is the means used to carry out a measurement. 检测是意义更为广泛的测量。 测量、试验(以定性或定量方式获取被测对象的某种信息） 工程检测技术就是对生产过程和运动对象实施定性检查和定量测量的技术。 主要研究内容 测量原理是实现测量所依据的物理、化学、生物等现象与有关定律的总体。一种物理量的测量可以通过若干种不同的测量原理实现(电磁法、光学法、超声法、半导体效应、核辐射法、电化学分析等）。 发现和应用新的测量原理，开发相应的传感器。 选择合适测量原理（根据被测量的物理化学特性、变化范围、性能要求和外界环境条件等） 选择合适的测量方法：接触式、非接触式；直接法、间接法；电测法、非电测法等。 设计测试系统 发展方向 智能化（Intelligent or smart instrument) 数字化(Digital system) 微型化(Miniaturized system or micro-system ) 多功能化(multifunctional) 网络化(Networked or virtual instrument) Complete measurement system Instrumentation is the science and technology of complete measurement systems with which physical quantities are measured so as to obtain data which can be transmitted to recording and display devices. In general, measurement systems can be represented as having three elements: A detecting element called a transducer which produces a signal related to the quantity being detected.（Transducers change information from one form to another.） An element called a signal conditioner which converts the signal from the transducer into a form which can be displayed. A display or recording element which enables the signal to be read. Example A mercury-in-glass thermometer  Temperature information volume information Volume change length change Length change position of meniscus of mercury against a graduated scale Performance of measuring systems Static characteristics: Define the performance criteria for the measurement of quantities that remain constant or vary quite slowly. Dynamic characteristics: Concern the relationship between the system input and output when the measurand is varying rapidly. Accuracy(error) is often specified as a percentage of the full range output or full scale deflection.(f.s.d),