sexroles.pptVIP

Sex Roles Hamilton Mccubbin Barbara Blum Dahl (/5hAm?ltEn ???????? 5bB:bErE blu:m d??l/) Background information Development of ideas on sex, gender and gender identity: Gender, in English, is an old term in linguistic discourse used to designate whether nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter. It was not normally used in the language of social or natural sciences or in sexology (性学) until John Money (1955) adopted the term to serve as an umbrella concept (伞式概念 ) to distinguish femininity, or womanliness, and masculinity, or manliness, from biological sex (male or female). Money, who was then studying hermaphrodites, believed that the existing terminology of sexual discourse was not sufficient to describe what he was observing in his clients. He had to make such qualifying statements as “John has a male sex role except that his sex organs are not male and his genetic sex is female.” hermaphrodite (/h\:5mAfrEdaIt/): one having the reproductive organs and many of the secondary sex characteristics of both sexes 两性体 As he explained the term sex should be used with qualifying descriptors (描述符) as in genetic sex, hormonal (/hR:5mEJnEl/) sex, or external genitalia (/dVenI5teIlIE/生殖器) sex, while the term gender could be more inclusive since it involved somatic (/sE5mAtIk/肉体的) and behavioral criteria associated with masculinity (/???????????EtI/) and femininity, how one conducts oneself personally and socially, or how one is regarded. Money built upon his original insight by developing such terms as gender identity, by which he meant the total perception of the individual about his or her own gender, including a basic personal identity as man or woman, boy or girl. He also held that the term could be used to make personal judgments about the individual’s level of conformity (一致；遵守) to the social norms of masculinity and femininity. The way persons exhibit their perception of themselves in terms of dress, manners, activities, were subsumed under the term gender. Clot