豆类作物施用氮肥在生物学与经济学上的意义.doc

豆类作物施用氮肥在生物学与经济学上的意义 Paul W. Singleton* Nantakorn Boonkerd** James R. Hollyer*** 夏威夷大学热带农业和人类资源学院 Nif TAL 项目* Suranaree 技术大学 农业生物技术系** 夏威夷大学热带农业和人类资源学院农业和资源经济系*** 　　1. 引言?Introduction　　豆类作物同化氮素有两种形式，它不仅可以同化来自土壤及肥料的无机氮，也可以通过生物固氮从大气中捕获氮气。生物固氮过程是利用植物根瘤中产生的细菌酶把N2还原成有效形态。根瘤是共生细菌（根瘤菌属）侵入根毛后形成的，豆类作物光合作用为共生固氮共生体提供能量。　　Legumes have two modes of nitrogen assimilation. Although legumes assimilate mineral N from soil and fertilizer sources, they also capture N from the atmosphere through biological dinitrogen fixation (BNF). The BNF process reduces N2 to plant available forms using bacterial enzymes produced within root nodules. The root nodules are formed after the symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium invades root hairs. Legume photosynthesis provides the energy that drives the BNF symbiosis.　　豆类作物依靠生物固氮作为氮源的程度取决于以下因素的相互作用：　　The extent to which legumes rely on BNF as an N source is determined by an interaction between:　　1) 达到作物产量潜力所需的氮素总量；　　1) total amount of N required to meet crop yield potential;　　2) 土壤中有效态无机氮的数量；　　2) amount of mineral N available in the soil, and;　　3) 形成豆类作物根系根瘤的根瘤菌的效果。 　　3) effectiveness of rhizobia forming nodules on legume roots　　大多数豆类作物管理策略目的是最大限度地促进生物固氮。在作物生长期间，生物固氮过程直接受土壤矿质氮供应比例的抑制，要加大生物固氮量，豆类作物必须利用少量矿质氮以在生物固氮全面发挥前维持幼苗生长。　　Most legume management strategies aim to maximize BNF. During most of crop duration, the legume BNF process is inhibited in direct proportion to soil supply of mineral N. To maximize BNF, however, legumes must assimilate a small amount of mineral N to sustain early crop growth prior to full expression of BNF.　　豆类作物的氮素管理有两种常用方法。一种是接种优良的根瘤菌使其生物固氮量足以满足作物的大部分需要。接种技术和接种剂产品很多，为农民提供了最大限度促进作物生物固氮的廉价选择。另一种选择是施氮肥。许多农民在种植豆类作物时施用少量氮肥（10~50公斤N /公顷），而另一些农民并不依靠生物固氮，仍然施用大量氮肥。　　There are two common practices for managing legume N nutrition. Inoculating legumes with superior rhizobia ensures that BNF can meet most of the crop’s N requirement. Inoculation techniques and inoculant products are well developed and provide farmers