99_HKAL_Paper_I【DOC精选】.docVIP

Paper I Section A 1. Dormancy describes the state of an organism (either as adults or sometimes during their life cycle) in which growth and development cases, 1 and the metabolic rate may fail to the point that it is only just sufficient to keep the cells alive. 1 Dormancy enables an organism to withstand unfavorable conditions (e.g. drought, food shortage and winter cold) because in this way, the organism can survive for a long period of time without exhausting its food reserve. 1 It also allows time for dispersal by natural agents, whilst at the same time allowing any internal changes to take place. 1 (4) 2. Instinctive behaviors are complex, inborn, stereotyped behaviour patterns of immediate adaptive survival value to the organism and are produced in response to changes in the environment. (They are unique to each species and are handed down from generation to generation and have important survival significance.) 1( One suitable example e.g. pain withdrawal reflex. ( Learned behaviours are those adaptive changes in an individual’s behavior as a result of previous experience or learning. 1( One suitable example e.g. automatic braking by an automobile driver confronted with an obstacle; finding one’s way through a maze. ( (4) 3. (a) Water potential is a measure of the tendency of water to leave a solution. 1 Osmotic potential is a measure of the tendency of a solution to pull water into it, it always has a negative value. 1 (b) Binary fission is an asexual way of reproduction in which one organism divides into two (e.g. binary fission in bacteria), 1 whereas in fragmentation, one organism may give rise to several new individuals (e.g. fragmentation in Spirogyra). 1 (c) Phototaxis is the movement of an entire cell or organism towards a unilateral light source (e.g. Euglena swims towards light). 1 Photoperiodism is a phenomenon related to the response of an organism to variations in daylength (e.g. flowering response in plants). 1 (6) 4