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Fractal (相關圖片 Figures: .tw/~ftlin/course/CAAD/CourseInformation/document/fractalfigures.doc 文章閱讀： Further reading (in Chinese) (高小鈞，2005學年度學期報告) .tw/~ftlin/course/CAAD/CourseInformation/document/Fractal起源種類與應用.pdf 定義 definition：self-similarity (affinity) in scale, direction, shape,… 數學家Mandelbrot 於1975年首先開始使用Fractal此一名詞。 The term “Fractal” was firstly used by mathematician Beno?t Mandelbrot in 1975. 自然現象之觀察：手臂、雲、山、樹、海岸線、都市天際線、土地使用… He found that many nature phenomena, such as arm, cloud, mountain, tree, sea shore, urban skyline, land use, etc., have fractal feature. 數學之意義 mathematical meaning of fractal X4=1 的四個解：+1, -1, +i, –i 可以被表述成 (1,0), (-1,0), (0,1), (0, -1). Four solutions of X4=1 are +1, -1, +i, –i, which can be respectively represented as (1,0), (-1,0), (0,1), and (0, -1). 圖1 係利用數值分析法(numerical analysis)解X4=1所產生。該圖的對角線地區顯示初始值的些微不同，可能造成收歛至不同的解答。 One may produce Figure 1 by using technique of numerical analysis to solve the equation, X4=1. The diagonal area in Figure 1 shows that a little difference of initial value may converge to different solution. X3 = 1之解。 One may apply the same idea to solve X3 = 1 and produce a corresponding figure. 許多非線性的自我呼叫函式具有fractal之特性，例如： Many feedback systems (recursive functions), which are called by themselves, with non-linear equations may have fractal features. Some non-linear feedback systems with fractal features are shown below. Xn+1 = k Xn(1-Xn)，logistic equation (for population projection,可用於人口預測) 當 3.5(k(4，X∞ 之值具有fractal之特質。(圖11-12) When 3.5(k(4，X∞ will have fractal property (Fig.11-12). Z是複數(a+bi), Let Z be a complex number (a+bi) Zn+1 = Zn2 - 1 produces Julia set。(圖2, Fig. 2) 會converge之初值是黑色的部份，(X軸表實數，Y軸為虛數)。 Black points are corresponding to initial values which will converge. X axis denotes real number, while Y axis denotes image number. Zn+1=Zn2 + C produces Mandelbrot set (圖3-6) Julia set 是 Mandelbrot set 的特例 (C = -1) Julia set is a special case of Mandelbrot set (C = -1) Zn+1 = Zn2 –3Zn Zn+1 = Zn2 +