3词汇句法语义变异.pptVIP

2.3 lexical deviation 词汇变异 Lexical deviation in literature refers almost exclusively to neologisms or the coinage of new words. (1) 新造词（neologism） (2) 临时造词（nonce formation) In coining new words, it may be said that the literary writer is not so much breaking rules of word-formation as extending the rules. In the coinage of new words, the literary writer usually extends three major rules of word-formation: affixation, compounding and conversion. 2.3.1 Affixation ???? Affixation is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already exists in the language. The following lines contain some typical examples of words coined by extension of this rule: (1)There was a balconyful of gentlemen. (Chesterton) ?(2) We left the town refreshed and rehatted . (Fotherhill) 后缀- ful 经常与bowl ,basket ,spoon 等表示容器的名词连用,表示“满??. 的”,此处与balcony 连用,生动形象地描绘出“阳台好像容器一样挤满了人”这样一幅画面。英语是形合型语言,对词汇的形态变化有严格的要求,为了使表达更形象生动,直接在名词后添加形容词词尾,使描述更具物象感,也起到了填补词汇缺项的作用。 （3）It is easier to marry than unmarry. 这一句中的unmarry 是根据marry创造出来的，意思是divorce,但作者没有用divorce,却用了临时词unmarry,这不仅与marry 押韵，而且生的地说明了在作者所处的时代离婚是一件非常困难的事，修辞效果不言而喻。 E.g. “… the widow-making unchilding unfathering deeps” (英国十九世纪诗人霍普金斯描写大海的诗) widow-making：大海吞噬了妻子的丈夫； unchilding：夺去了老人们的孩子； unfathering：葬送了孩子们的父亲 E.g (4) The orangemostest drink in the world. orange 一词后面连续用了两个最高级词缀most 和est ,给人以深刻的印象。广告商为了体现广告语言的表意功能,使用词汇变异手段来实现广告的注意、兴趣和记忆的语用目的。 例：满心“婆理”而满口“公理“的绅士们的名言暂且置之不论不议之列…… -----鲁迅 2.3.2 Compounding ?Compounding is the combination of two or more items to make a single compound one. Consider the following examples: (1) They were else-minded then, altogether, the men.???? (G. M. Hopkins) (2) They lowed about her whom he knew, dewsilky cattle. . (James Joyce: Ulysses) 这是小说《尤利西斯》中描写一群奶牛的语句。在这里，乔伊斯巧妙地将dew和 silky组合在一起，形成了一个新奇而又自然的复合词 dewsilky,简洁生动地为读者传达了“露水”和“丝绸般光亮”这两个意象,形象地描绘出清晨奶牛身有耳目一新的感觉。 （3）…the wagon beginning to fall into its