Phonetics语义学【DOC精选】.doc

1. Phonetics1.1 Speech sounds1.2 Definition and branches 1.3 Speech organs1.4 English consonants1.5 English vowels1.6 IPA1.7 Broad / narrow transcription1.1 Speech soundsHuman beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the Language system.Only those sounds produced by speech organs of human beings to convey meanings for communication are concerns of linguists.These sounds are called speech sounds.1.2 Definition and branches1.2.1 Definition Phonetics—the study of speech sounds.1.2.2 Three branches The study of speech sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with onepart of he process.Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) —the study of the production of speech sounds. (from the perspective of the speaker)Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) —the study of the perception of speech sounds. (from the perspective of the hearer)Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) —the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. (from the perspective of sounds themselves)1.3 Speech organs1.3.1 Pulmonic egressive airstream mechanismAll speech sounds are produced with an airstream as their sources of energy.The airstream is forced out of the lung, then passes through the mouth and sometimes through the nose.Since lung air is used—pulmonic soundsSince air is pushed out—egressive sounds1.3 Speech organsPharyngeal cavity (咽腔)Oral cavity (口腔)Nasal cavity (鼻腔)1.3.3 Vocal cords —voiced sounds/voiceless sounds Voiced sounds (浊音) —If vocal cords are held together, the airstream from the lung has to force its way through, and thus causes vocal cords to vibrate. In English, all vowels and some consonants are voiced sounds.1.3.3 Vocal cords —voiced sounds/voiceless sounds Voiceless sounds (清音) —If vocal cords are apart, the airsteam from the lung is not obstructed at the glottis,and it passes freely