STEEL AND TIMBER DESIGN【DOC精选】.docVIP

1. INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN 1.1 INTRODUCTION Steel is used extensively in construction due to its high strength to weight ratio, workability, ductility and durability. Hot rolled and cold formed profiles are standard off the shelf items, with typical design strengths in the range 275 - 460 N/mm2 and unit weight 78 kN/m3. Steel can be readily bent, cut, drilled and welded to facilitate fabrication. Its high ductility permits redistribution of built in stresses due to construction processes (lack of fit and welding residual stresses). It also enables the development of fully plastic resistance mechanisms in compact sections and the redistribution of internal forces in statically indeterminate systems. Stainless and weathering steels possess natural resistance to normal environmental conditions while various surface treatments (painting, galvanising) can be used to enhance the durability of normal steels. To take advantage of the high strength to weight ratio structural steel profiles and members are generally slender, and as a consequence susceptible to various forms of instability (global buckling, local buckling of the cross section, and combined local and global or distortional buckling). The various modes of buckling have a very significant influence upon the resistance and design of structural steel members. 1.2 LIMIT STATE DESIGN 1.2.1 General Modern steel codes are based on limit state principles. Ultimate limit states are associated with structural failure (strength, stability, fatigue and fracture) while servicibility limit states are associated with the performance of structures in service (deflections, vibration, durability). BS5950: Structural use of steelwork in building BS5400: Steel concrete and composite bridges Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures 1.2.2 Actions The design values of actions Fd are obtained by multiplying the characteristic actions Fk by a partial safety factor γF ie (1.1) Permanent actions (G