ThermodynamicsSpontaneityEntropyFreeEntropy.pptVIP

Chapter 17Thermodynamics: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy F.Y. Hsu Introductory Concepts Thermodynamics examines the relationship between heat and work. Spontaneity (自發) is the notion of whether or not a process can take place unassisted. Entropy（熵 ）is a mathematical concept describing the distribution of energy within a system. Free energy（自由能) is a thermodynamic function that relates enthalpy (焓) and entropy to spontaneity, and can also be related to equilibrium constants. Spontaneous Change A spontaneous process is one that can occur in a system left to itself; no action from outside the system is necessary to bring it about. A nonspontaneous process is one that cannot take place in a system left to itself. If a process is spontaneous, the reverse process is nonspontaneous, and vice versa (反之亦然） However, “spontaneous” signifies nothing about how fast a process occurs. Example 17.1 Indicate whether each of the following processes is spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Comment on cases where a clear determination cannot be made. The action of toilet bowl cleaner, HCl(aq), on “lime” deposits, CaCO3(s). The boiling of water at normal atmospheric pressure and 65 °C. The reaction of N2(g) and O2(g) to form NO(g) at room temperature. The melting of an ice cube. Spontaneous Change A general rule: that exothermic reactions are spontaneous and endothermic reactions are nonspontaneous works in many cases However, enthalpy change is not a sufficient criterion for predicting spontaneous change Spontaneous Change The Concept of Entropy 　Consider mixing two gases: this occurs spontaneously, and the gases form a homogeneous mixture. 　There is essentially no enthalpy change involved, so why is the process spontaneous? The Concept of Entropy The driving force is a thermodynamic quantity called entropy, a mathematical concept that is difficult to portray visually The total energy of a system remains unchanged in the mixing of the gases but the number of possibilities for