不吃早餐的危害.pptVIP

Russian Health profiles in Transition Eugene Shubnikov for FSU Internet Prevention Network Health status It is useful to begin an account of health status developments with a consideration of the Soviet period, as the present health crisis of the Russian Federation has its roots in events that long precede the collapse of the Soviet Union. The period until 1991Life expectancy (both sexes) The period until 1991Life expectancy in 1965 The health care principles upon which the Soviet health care system was to be based (Nikolai Semashko): government responsibility for health universal access to free services a preventive approach to “social diseases” quality professional care a close relation between science and medical practice continuity of care between health promotion, treatment and rehabilitation. Next steps following the establishment of the “Semashko” model in 1918 The health care system was under the centralized control of the state, which financed services by general government revenues as part of national social and economic development plans. All health care personnel became employees of the centralized state, which paid salaries and provided supplies to all medical institutions. The main policy orientation throughout this period was to increase numbers of hospital beds and medical personnel*. Next steps following the establishment of the “Semashko” model in 1918 (cont.) Russia made massive strides in arresting the spread of infectious diseases. Drastic epidemic control measures were implemented, particularly in the cases of tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhus, malaria and cholera. These involved community prevention approaches, routine check-ups, improvements in urban sanitation and hygiene, quarantines, etc. Health crisis The diverging paths of Russia and other industrialized nations with respect to health status from the 1960s onward has been attributed to the failure of the Russian health care system to successfully respond to the e