sql introduction.pptVIP

Chapter 3: Introduction to SQL Chapter 3: Introduction to SQL Overview of the SQL Query Language Data Definition Basic Query Structure Additional Basic Operations Set Operations Null Values Aggregate Functions Nested Subqueries Modification of the Database History IBM Sequel language developed as part of System R project at the IBM San Jose Research Laboratory Renamed Structured Query Language (SQL) ANSI and ISO standard SQL: SQL-86, SQL-89, SQL-92 SQL:1999, SQL:2003, SQL:2008 Commercial systems offer most, if not all, SQL-92 features, plus varying feature sets from later standards and special proprietary features. Not all examples here may work on your particular system. Data Definition Language The schema for each relation. The domain of values associated with each attribute. Integrity constraints And as we will see later, also other information such as The set of indices to be maintained for each relations. Security and authorization information for each relation. The physical storage structure of each relation on disk. Domain Types in SQL char(n). Fixed length character string, with user-specified length n. varchar(n). Variable length character strings, with user-specified maximum length n. int. Integer (a finite subset of the integers that is machine-dependent). smallint. Small integer (a machine-dependent subset of the integer domain type). numeric(p,d). Fixed point number, with user-specified precision of p digits, with n digits to the right of decimal point. real, double precision. Floating point and double-precision floating point numbers, with machine-dependent precision. float(n). Floating point number, with user-specified precision of at least n digits. More are covered in Chapter 4. Create Table Construct An SQL relation is defined using the create table command: create table r (A1 D1, A2 D2, ..., An Dn, (integrity-constraint1), ..., (integrity-constraintk)) r is the name of the relation each Ai is an attribute name in the sch