O遗传的变异.pptVIP

O1 遗传的变异 要 点 O2 物种形成 要 点 * * 基因和等位 基因 基因是带有可产生特定蛋白的遗传密码的DNA片段。一个基因可有许多等位基因，而个体可有纯合或杂合的基因型。表达的表现型取决于等位基因是显性的、隐性的还是共显性的。种群中存在的所有基因组和等位基因叫做基因库。 Genes are pieces of DNA which contain the genetic code necessary to produce a specific protein. A gene can have many alleles and individuals can have a homozygous or heterozygous genotype. The phenotype expressed depends on whether alleles are dominant, recessive or codominant. The total set of genes and alleles present in a population is known as the gene pool. Key Notes Genes and alleles O1 GENETIC VARIATION 测定遗传变异 种群和物种内的遗传变异可直接由DNA或蛋白（别构酶）变异来估计。蛋白或DNA片段可通过凝胶电泳分离，呈现可刻划的带来决定个体的基因型。对个体DNA的详细调查产生了一种独特的遗传指纹，对建立父子关系很有用。 多 型 多型指的是种群中等位基因的存在。一个种群或物种可能颜色是多型的，如蜗牛，或者一些生化特性是多型的，如植物的毒性。一些多型可能是由自然选择保持下来的，但其他是由于许多基因控制多型性状的结果。 polymorphism The term polymorphism refers to the presence of alleles in a population. A population or species may be polymorphic for color, as in snails, or for some biochemical function, as in plant toxicity. Some polymorphisms are maintained by natural selection, but others appear to result from the effect of many genes controlling the polymorphic character. Genetic variation within populations and species can be estimated directly from the DNA or from protein (allozyme) variation. Proteins or DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis to give bands that can be scored to determine the genotype of individuals. Detailed investigation of the DNA of individuals yields a unique genetic fingerprint, useful for establishing paternity. Measuring genetic variation 遗传漂变 遗传漂变是基因频率的随机变化，仅偶然出现。在小种群中，遗传漂变更明显。基因频率“漂离”起始值，增加、减少或上下波动。发生遗传漂变是因为在个体、产生后代的合子以及繁殖前死亡的个体中都有偶然要素。基因频率的随机变化导致来自种群的遗传变异的固定和逐渐丧失。 遗传瓶颈 当种群数量突然减少时，基因频率也会发生变化，总的遗传变异下降。瓶颈发生的时候，小种群的遗传漂变导致遗传变异丧失。尽管种群数量可以恢复，遗传变异在以后许多代仍会保持低水平。 Genetic drift Genetic drift is a random change in gene frequency arising through chance alone. It tends to be more apparent in small populations allele frequencies drift away from their starting values, increasing, decreasing