计算机组成原理 第3讲.pptVIP

* * 计算机组成原理 Principles of Computer Organization 广义双语教学课程 09/skyclass25/ 青岛理工大学 校级精品课程 /ec/C84/ 第 4 章 存 储 器 存储系统的层次结构 Hierarchy of storage 高速缓冲存储器 Cache 辅助存储器 Auxiliary Memory Chapter 4 Storage 主存储器 Main Memory §4.1 概述 §4.1.1 存储器分类 一、按存储器在计算机系统中的作用分类 主存储器 Main Memory（主存） 高速缓冲存储器 Cache 辅助存储器 Auxiliary Memory （辅存） 主存用来存放需立即使用的程序和数据，要求存取速度快。 辅存用于存放当前不需要立即使用的信息，在需要时与主存成批交换数据，是主存的后备和补充。 保存在辅存上的程序和数据必须首先装入主存，然后才能被CPU使用。辅存的特点是容量大，成本低和非易失性。 Primary storage, presently known as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. 内部存储器 Internal Memory（内存） 外部存储器 External Memory （外存） 二、按存储器在计算机系统中的位置分类 主机内 Secondary storage, differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile. §4.1.1 存储器分类 In modern computers, hard disks are usually used as secondary storage. The time taken to access a given byte of information stored on a hard disk is typically a few thousandths of a second, or milliseconds. By contrast, the time taken to access a given byte of information stored in random access memory is measured in billionths of a second, or nanoseconds. 主存+ Cache = 内存 §4.1.1 存储器分类 三、按存储介质分类 半导体存储器 Semiconductor Memory 磁表面存储器 Magnetic Surface Storage 光存储器 Optical Storage Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store information. Magnetic storage is non-volatile. Volatile memory Requires constant power to maintain the stored information. Since primary storage is required to be very fast, it predominantly uses volatile memory. Non-volatile memory Will retain the stored information even if i