昆工环境工程微生物2课件.pptVIP

The energy of the sun feeds life on Earth and is harvested by molecules of chlorophylls and carotenoids. In case of certain photosynthetic bacteria thousands of these molecules are fitted into spheres smaller than 1/10000 of a millimeter (see the October 2007 highlight on Lifes Solar Battery). Naturally, it is crowded in these spheres! Researchers now established the composition and arrangement of the light harvesting system, the chlorophylls and carotenoids being held by hundreds of ring-shaped proteins. Utilizing the sun lights energy optimally is a difficult balancing act in molecular engineering: on the one hand the proteins need to pack closely to share light energy absorbed by any chlorophyll or carotenoid, on the other hand, roadways need to be kept open for passing chemical substances that capture the light energy in chemical form and deliver it to the remainder of the bacterial cell. Researchers now report how the bacterial cell manages the balance through ingenious utilization of quantum electronics. More on light-harvesting in purple bacteria can be found here. * 滤膜：一种坚韧且带有无数微孔的醋酸纤维薄膜。 * 在稳定期后，由于营养物质缺乏，代谢产物及有毒物质积累，不过仍有少数微生物能长期存活， * 最典型的就是抗生菌所产生的能抑制其它生物生长发育的抗生素，此外，有时因某种微生物的生长而引起的其它条件的改变（例如缺氧、pH改变等），从而抑制它种生物的现象也称拮抗。 * 但是某些微生物产生的芽孢，对恶劣的环境条件有较强的抵抗能力。 * Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in a liquid culture:1: Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen.2: Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen.3: Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one; but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube.4: Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration.5: Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. * * 在厌氧微生物的培养过程中，最重要的一点就是要除