新的形态观念.ppt

KuhnKuhnian Paradigms Copernicanism made few converts for almost a century after Copernicus death. Newtons work was not generally accepted, particularly on the Continent, for more than half a century after the Principia appeared. The difficulties of conversion have often been noted by the scientists themselves. Darwin, in a particularly perceptive passage at the end of his Origin Of Species, wrote: Although I am fully convinced of the truth of the views given in this volume .. I, by no means expect to convince experienced naturalists whose minds are stocked with a multitude of facts all viewed, during a long course of years, from a point of view directly opposite to mine. ..But I look with confidence to the future - to young and rising naturalists, who will be able to view both sides of the question with impartiality. And Max Planck, surveying his own career in his Scientific Autobiography, sadly remarked that a new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. ... each paradigm will be shown to satisfy more or less the criteria that it dictates for itself and to fall short of a few of those dictated by its opponent .. no paradigm ever solves all the problems it defines .. ..the historian of science may be tempted to exclaim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes with them. All crises begin with the blurring of a paradigm and the consequent loosening of the rules for normal research. ..Or finally, the case that will most concern us here, a crisis may end with the emergence of a new candidate for paradigm and with the ensuing battle over its acceptance. Complexity ScienceWhat is complexity science? Complexity ScienceNo clear definition I am convinced that the nations and people who master the new sciences of complexity will become the economic, cultural, and political superpowers of the next centur