自由與理性的正反論題.docVIP

自由與理性的正反論題---- 道德自律與道德教育的探究 作者：李奉儒 國立暨南國際大學比較教育學研究所 自由與理性的正反論題---- 道德自律與道德教育的探究 中文摘要 本文藉由對道德中所謂的自由與理性的正反論題之探究，嘗試提出較廣的道德教育架構，主張以道德自律作為道德教育的終極目的，並重視道德原則與道德思維的教學。 本文首先處理「自律」這個概念，先從自律與自由及自我決定的內在關聯開始，接著分析自律的三個可能條件：真確、反省的思考、及意志的堅強。 其次，本文就「普遍規約主義」的後設倫理學說來解構自由與理性的正反論題，即藉由道德的邏輯特性：規約性與可普遍性的共同運作，來建構一個完整的道德自律概念。 再次，本文從對自由與理性的正反論題之討論中演繹出其在德育上的兩個重要意含：一為道德原則的學習，一為道德思維的增進。一方面，德育的基本目標之一，就是教授學生某些特定的道德原則，以作為學生在不同的方案中作選擇的基礎。另一方面，道德思維與道德自律較為明顯相關，其在德育中的主要意義包括初步原則的學習，附隨的道德氣質之培養，批判思維能力的提昇，以及擬情想像能力的發展。 最後，有關道德自律的德育活動，除了上述兩個重要的層面之外，教師的教學也扮演著深具意義的角色。本文也一併討論教師在發展學生的道德自律上所扮演的角色。 關鍵詞：自由、理性、規約主義、道德自律、道德教育  The Antinomy of Freedom and Reason---- a study on moral autonomy and moral education Abstract By means of examining the antinomy of freedom and reason in morality, this essay tries to offer a broader framework for the conducting of moral education. This framework consists of advocating moral autonomy as an aim of moral education and stressing the importance of both moral principles and moral thinking in moral education. The concept of autonomy is dealt with firstly. A beginning in clarifying this concept is made by examining its interrelations with freedom and self-determination, and its proposed conditions: authenticity, reflective thinking, and strength of will. Subsequently, to give the reasons for our advocating for moral autonomy, we proceed to consider a case called the antinomy of freedom and reason. There are two seemingly mutually exclusive features--freedom and reason--confront everyone who is engaged in making moral judgment or decision. It is assumed that these two features contradict each other, because freedom might violate reason and reason might constrain freedom. Nevertheless, we explain that a morally autonomous decision could be freely and rationally made at the same time. The antinomy in question is the source of nearly all the central controversies of moral philosophy. The possible solution in the present essay is based o