20130904第一章痕迹检验选编.ppt

痕迹检验概论Introduction of Trace Examination 孙晓明 2013.09.04 寻找物理证据 physical evidence 南宋 郑克 折狱龟鉴 情迹论 情指案情真相，迹指痕迹、物证，主张通过物证来推断案情真相。“情迹论”是物证理论出现的标志。 问题Question 痕迹检验对于案件的侦破与审理到底有什么样的作用？ Locard’s Exchange PrincipleBasic principle Every contact leaves a trace. ---- Edmond Locard 凡有接触，必留痕迹 His words Wherever he steps, wherever he touches, whatever he leaves, even without consciousness, will serve as a silent witness against him his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value. - Paul L. Kirk. 1953. Crime investigation: physical evidence and the police laboratory. Perpetrator of a crime will bring something into the crime scene and leave with something from it, and that both can be used as forensic evidence. I-5公路连环杀人案 1986年6月，美国加州一名渔夫来到萨克拉门托（Sacramento）附近一处水渠边，准备挖些蚯蚓作为鱼饵。然而，他发现了比鱼饵大得多的东西：一具泡在水中的女尸。吓得魂飞魄散的渔夫立刻报警，警方赶到后发现这是一具几乎全裸的成年女性的遗体，颈部有深深的勒痕，很明显是被人谋杀后抛尸的。 I-5公路连环杀人案 法医发现，尸体已经出现腐败迹象，似乎已经死去多时。而死者身上并无证件之类，无法判断身份。还好，警方通过失踪人口与牙医档案，确认死者就是时年19岁的斯蒂芬妮?布朗（Stephanie Brown），事发当天她开车去看男友，返回时沿着I-5公路应该是向南方开，却错误的开向了北方——警方在公路的北方找到了她被丢弃的汽车，从油箱判断大概没开出来多久；汽车的大灯没有打开，车窗摇下，地图就扔在副驾驶座上，似乎她正努力纠正错误，却永远没有机会了。 比较奇怪的是，死者是短发，但她的家人却坚持说她有一头长发。原来，她的头发似乎是被一把锋利的剪刀齐刷刷的剪下来的；警方也在现场找到了一件两根吊带都被割断的蓝色背心，这些应该都是凶手所为。另外，法医在其体内发现了精斑，但可惜因为在水里泡了好久，已经无法提取DNA进行比对。? 警方推测，此案非常可能是某个心理变态、四处流窜的杀手，随机选择目标作案。果然，不久之后，又一桩谋杀案发生了。 一个月后，同样是在I-5公路上，一对母女在凌晨三点多钟汽车坏在了路上，这时一位路过的司机很友好的问她们是否需要帮助。母女俩请求把她们带到最近的加油站去，男子满