小句关系.ppt

3i 阳光 核心词汇 Dont blame on him, after all, he is a ___ hand. A. green B. white C. red D. black Dont blame on him, after all, he is a green ___. A. hand B. heart C. back D. stomach Dont blame on him, after all, he is ___ . A. a green hand B. （二）句的思维关系：小句关系 小句关系（clause relations）是语篇中常见的一种宏观结构组织。“小句”并不只是传统语法中的从句或分句，而是指独立的句子以及句子中包含的从句或分句。 下列句子A－E都是一个小句吗？ A. He left the house and drove away. B. He wanted John to leave the house. C. John likes to ski and Mary does too. D. John likes to ski, doesn’t he? E. John is happy and Mary is too. 其中A小句由一个主语和两个并列谓语构成，B小句是一个主谓结构加一个充当宾补的不定式短语，C、D、E小句中的第二部分都是主语加助动词，不能作为独立小句，而是与上部分构成一个小句。 再比如： 例2.1：Joe was desperate, for everything he had tried had failed miserably. 例2.2：Joe was desperate. Everything he had tried had failed miserably. 例2.1是一个小句，句中的“for”清楚指明其后所接的部分是说明前小句中Joe’s desperation 的原因。而例2.2中即使没有明显的指示，读者也可以推测出两小句的连接。这些连接，不管是指明的还是推测的，都称为小句关系。 小句关系就是“语篇中一个或一组小句与另一个或一组小句之间的逻辑-语义关系”（程晓堂，2004：7）。 小句关系包括三种McCarthy Carter 1994 问题-解决（problem-solution） 假设-真实（hypothetical-real） 一般-个别（general-particular） 在“问题─解决”的小句关系中第一个小句提出问题，后面的小句提出问题的解决； 在“假设─真实”的小句关系中前一小句提出假设，陈述别人已经说过的但未证实的观点或情况，后面的小句是真实部分，说明作者自己的观点，支持或否定假设部分的观点或情况； 而在“一般─个别”的小句关系中，前面的小句陈述一般的或概括性的内容，后面的小句提供具体的例证或细节内容。 Joe was desperate. Everything he had tried had failed miserably. 哪种小句关系？ 3i 阳光 核心词汇 Joe was_____. Everything he had tried had failed miserably. A. desperate B. punctual C. tolerate D. sensitive Passage 1 The detective story does not and cannot attain the highest level of literary achievement. Though it deals with the most desperate effects of rage, jealousy, and revenge, it rarely touches the heights and depths of human passion. It presents us with an accomplished fact, and looks upon death with a dispassionate eye. It does not show us the inner workings of the murderer’s mind—it must not, for the identity of the criminal is hidden until the end of the book. The most successful writers are those who contrive to keep the story run