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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Backward chaining example Properties of backward chaining Depth-first recursive proof search: Space is linear in size of proof. Incomplete due to infinite loops ? fix by checking current goal against every goal on stack Inefficient due to repeated subgoals (both success and failure) ? fix using caching of previous results (memoization) Widely used for logic programming PROLOG: backward chaining with Horn clauses + bells whistles. Resolution in FOL Full first-order version: l1 ? ··· ? lk, m1 ? ··· ? mn Subst(θ , l1 ? ··· ? li-1 ? li+1 ?