Part1OrdinaryDifferentialEquations(常微分方程式微分变数只有.doc

Chapter 1 First-Order ODEs Chapter 2 Second-Order Linear ODEs (二階線性常微分方程式) Chapter 3 Higher-Order Linear ODEs Chapter 5 Series Solutions of ODEs Chapter 6 Laplace Transforms ? Ordinary differential equations may be divided into two large classes, linear (線性) and nonlinear (非線性) ODEs. Where nonlinear ODEs are difficult to solve, linear ODEs are much simpler because there are standard methods for solving many of these equations. 2.1 Homogeneous Linear ODEs of Second Order (二階線性齊性微分方程式) ? A second-order ODE is called linear (線性的) if it can be written as . (1) 線性：方程式的每一項都不得出現和其導數(, ,…)的乘積或自乘 In case , the equation is called homogeneous (齊性的). In case , the equation is called nonhomogeneous (非齊性的). The functions and are called the coefficients of the ODEs. ? Theorem 1 Superposition Principle for the Homogeneous Linear ODE (適用於線性齊性常微分方程式的疊加原理) If both and are solutions of the homogeneous linear ODE , (2) then a linear combination (線性組合) of and , say , is also a solution of the differential equation. Proof – Let and be solutions of equation (2). It means that and . Then by substituting into (2), we get This shows that is a solution of (2). Example 1 A Homogeneous Linear ODE (線性齊性微分方程式) Example 2 A Nonhomogeneous Linear ODE (線性非齊性微分方程式) Example 3 A homogeneous Nonlinear ODE (非線性齊性微分方程式) ? For a second-order homogeneous linear ODE, an initial value problem (初始值問題) consists of the equation and two initial conditions (兩個初始條件) and . The two conditions are used to determine the two arbitrary constants and in a general solution of the ODE. Example 4 Initial Value Problem Solve the initial value problem with , . ? A general solution (通解) of the ODE on an interval I can be expressed as where and are solutions of the ODE on I and are linearly independent (線性獨立) or not proportional (非等比例), and and are arbitrary constants. A particular solution (特解) of the ODE is obtain