Neonatal Growth and Nutrition新生儿生长发育及营养.pptVIP

* * Promotion of normal growth rate, organ development, and body composition Prevention of later disease Obesity Cardiac Allergic Cancer Birth weight triples by 1 year, but does not quadruple until age 2 Birth length increases by 50% in year 1, but does not double until age 4 After age 2, children average 2 -3 kg and 6 - 8 cm of growth per year Serve as a guide for estimating nutrient need DRIs recently revised for specific childhood ages (Institute of Medicine) Much of the data are extrapolated from adult, but increasingly more specific Since they are group recommendations, they include a margin of safety The Two Factors Which Contribute to Childhood Malnutrition POVERTY IGNORANCE Children after the age of 1 are largely unprotected because Programs are much less specific regarding nutrient requirements compared with 1 year A child’s diet and an adult diet are similar; thus, children can be shortchanged in a general assistance paradigm Willful or unwitting ignorance by parents may contribute to nutritional imbalances: Parent allowing child to choose foods leading to unbalanced diet Parent willfully manipulating diet without consideration for balance and nutrient needs Imposition of adult diet on young child Fad foods/”nutriceuticals” Vary considerably among children Dependent on: Basal metabolic rate The Barker Hypothesis Fetal “Programming” Growth rate Physical activity Body size Range from 1000 Kcal/d at 1 year to 2200 Kcal/d at 12 years Absorption of amino acids increases protein synthesis in children (unlike adults) The body is unable to store excess dietary amino acids Uses them for energy production if energy intake is low Or converts them to glucose or fat if energy intake is adequate (Continued) Daily protein requirement ranges from 12 grams at 1 year to 35 grams at 12 years Note that protein requirements during childhood are low compared to newborn or teen Growth rates are slower Tissue synthetic rates are slow