New Methods of Imaging the Brain CELLCentral脑cellcentral成像新方法.pptVIP

Professor Stuart Bunt 217 Traditional Anatomy Phrenology, the study of bumps on the skull. Measuring brain weights and size (still being done..see the fuss about Einstein’s brain). Little link between morphology and performance Neanderthal Homo sapiens Hydrocephalic genius Plane Film X-rays Not very good for showing soft tissues Can show bone erosion Large space filling masses may be picked up if they have largely differing X-ray absorption Bone of skull requires high energy for penetration Contrast Media Ventriculogram Air is introduced into the ventricles via the lumbar cistern (in adults) Via the fontanelles in infants Patient placed on a tilting table, air fills ventricles Can detect “space filling” lesions. Causes severe headaches, same dangers as lumbar puncture. Subtraction Angiography Radio opaque medium is introduced into the internal carotid artery or systemically. Iodine compounds can promote allergic reactions, any arterial invasion dangerous. Subtract X-ray before contrast medium from X-ray with contrast medium. Can pick up any abnormality of the blood vessels. Direct Stimulation During operations surgeons may have to delimit crucial areas. Epilepsy often spreads from a temporal lobe focus The speech area on the planum temporale must be identified. Cortex stimulated in conscious patient Direct Stimulation Computerised Axial Tomography Many X-rays are taken around the head (or body) Matching detectors pick up absorbed signal Computer reconstructs a “slice” Axial slices can be reconstructed in to a 3D pictures CAT method CAT Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1 An extremely powerful magnetic field is used to orientate the spin of atoms. A radio frequency pulse is used to cause some atoms to flip Energy given off tells a lot about the molecule the atom is in Can also be used to form images. CAT vs MRI MRI (previously known as nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR) is expensive. The magnet is supercooled with liquid helium in a liquid nitrogen blanket. Exposures are