PRECEDEPROCEED INTRODUCTIONPRECEDEPROCEED介绍.pptVIP

YOUTH VIOLENCE: AN ECOLOGICAL VIEW Mark Edberg, Ph.D. Associate Professor George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, and Department of Anthropology THE PROBLEM According to the World Health Organization, violence is “one of the leading public health issues of our time” (WHO 2002). Violence in general is among the main causes of death for people aged 15-44 years of age, and interpersonal violence among young adults aged 15-29 was responsible for 36.2 percent of that total (Ibid). In many LAC countries, violence is the primary cause of death for young men between the ages of 15-34 (PAHO 2001). THE PROBLEM Both global data and data for the United States show that youth violence has been increasing in the past several years (WHO 2002; Butts Snyder 2006). In the U.S. this increase is occurring among selected high-poverty communities and particularly related to youth under age 25 (Butts Snyder 2006). Intentional violence is the leading cause of death for African-American youth age 10-24, the second leading cause of death for Latino and Asian/Pacific Islander youth, and the third leading cause for American Indian, Alaska Native youth (in the United States -- CDC 2007). CAUSES/CONTRIBUTING FACTORS One common framework for pinpointing causes of youth violence and risk behavior is the risk and protective factors model (e.g., Hawkins, Catalano Miller 1992), which views such behavior as an outcome of exposure to a range of risk and protective factors. The model lays out a set of factors that, over the youth development process, are said to increase or decrease the likelihood that a given youth will engage in problem behaviors (violence, delinquency, substance abuse, school dropout, HIV/AIDS risk behavior, or others). Exposure to risk factors increases the likelihood of problem behavior; exposure to protective factors buffers the risk factors and reduces the likelihood of problem behavior. RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTOR DOMAINS Ris