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Morphology Lesson 3B CLASSIFYING GRAMMAR CLASSIFYING MORPHOLOGY THE OVERALL PICTURE Morphemes minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function Distinction between free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes can stand by themselves as a single word e.g. grace Can be lexical (e.g. boy,elephant) or functional (e.g. and, but) Bound morphemes Cannot stand alone but need to be “bound” to another morpheme, e.g. re-, -ful Prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes Divided into derivational and inflectional BASE FORMS boy, yes, elephant No CONSTITUENT PARTS also called ROOTS or STEMS PREFIXESe.g. un-, de-, super- meaningful elements come BEFORE base form lexical role – allow for the construction of a large number of new words SUFFIXESe.g. –ness, -ed, -er meaningful elements 2 types: DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL DEFINING SUFFIXES INFLECTION OF PLURAL INFLECTION OF VERBS black bird vs. blackbird BLACK BIRD two words bird which is black meaning is predictable classified as a PHRASE (NP) BLACKBIRD one word a particular type of bird (merlo) meaning not predictable classified as a COMPOUND green house vs. greenhouse(like black bird vs. blackbird) GREEN HOUSE meaning is predictable classified as a PHRASE (NP) GREENHOUSE meaning not predictable classified as a COMPOUND white house vs. White House white house casa bianca meaning is predictable classified as a PHRASE (NP) White House Casa Bianca meaning not predictable classified as a COMPOUND Compounds can be single wordsor combinations of words e.g. blackbird e.g. White House COMPOUNDS COMPOUND VERBS COMPOUND ADJECTIVES COMPOUND NOUNS COMPOUND VERBS VERB-VERB stir-fry NOUN-VERB air-condition ADJECTIVE VERB dry-clean PREPOSITION VERB underestimate COMPOUND ADJECTIVES NOUN-ADJECTIVE sky-high ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE red-hot PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE hyper-active COMPOUND NOUNS VERB-NOUN