Presenting and Describing Data Widener University介绍和描述数据威得恩大学.pptVIP

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Presenting and Describing Data Widener University介绍和描述数据威得恩大学.ppt

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Presenting and Describing Data Widener University介绍和描述数据威得恩大学

At my web page, there is a summary sheet called “Selected Descriptive Statistics.” It shows some of the different formulae for simple lists of numbers and frequency distributions, for populations and samples. Print it out and look at how the formulae are similar and how they’re different. Empirical Rule In most data sets, many of the values tend to cluster near the center of the distribution. In symmetric, bell-shaped distributions, approximately 68% of the values are within 1 standard deviations of the mean; approximately 95% of the values are within 2 standard deviations of the mean; and approximately 99.7% of the values are within 3 standard deviations of the mean. Thus, values that are more than 3 standard deviations from the mean are very atypical and are often called “outliers.” Determining whether an observation is an outlier is equivalent to determining if its “z-score” is less than -3 or greater than +3. The formula for the z-score is: Example Suppose that a particular sample has a mean of 100, and a standard deviation of 10. Would a value of 120 be considered an outlier? Since the Z-score is not less than -3 or greater than +3, 120 is not an outlier in this sample. Example Is 150 an outlier in this sample (with mean 100 and standard deviation 10)? Since the Z-score is less than -3 or greater than +3, 150 is an outlier in this sample. Example Is 60 an outlier in this sample (with mean 100 and standard deviation 10)? Since the Z-score is less than -3 or greater than +3, 60 is an outlier in this sample. Symmetric versus Skewed Distributions Symmetric Distribution For a symmetric distribution, the left and right sides are mirror images of each other. The mean, median, and mode are the same. Positively or Right-Skewed Distribution If the longer tail is to the right, the distribution is positively skewed or skewed to the right. A small number of very large values pulls the mean up, so the mean is larger than the median. Negatively or Left-Skewed Di