Sex determination in humans Villanova University在人类Villanova大学性别决定.pptVIP

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Sex determination in humans Villanova University在人类Villanova大学性别决定.ppt

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Sex determination in humans Villanova University在人类Villanova大学性别决定

Sexual arousal and intercourse humans The physiology of the sexual response Human sexual response models Human sexual response models Frequency of Female Orgasm (Western populations) How do women achieve orgasm? 95% women said could orgasm easily with masturbation Multiple Orgasms? 14% of women have frequent multiple orgasms Spare slides Male Differentiation Wnt-4 Gene Essential for female development Prevents production of testosterone Initiates development of Mullerian duct Necessary for proper oocyte development Suppresses Wolffian duct Female Differentiation * William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson (1915 - 2001, and 1925 - ) Two basic physiological responses: Vasocongestion (penile and clitoral erection, breasts) Myotonia (flexion and contraction of muscles) four-phase model Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution excitement in women Vaginal lubrication: Inner 2/3 of vagina expands Labia majora flatten and move apart Labia minora and clitoris enlarge Contraction of small muscle fibers in nipples in men Penis become engorged Erection of penis (variable) Scrotal skin tightens Plateau women Prominent vasocongestion in outer 2/3 of vagina cause tissue to swell Clitoris pulled back against pubic bone men Full erection of penis Muscular tension Cowper’s glands secrete the pre-ejaculatory fluid Testes are pulled up closely against the body Orgasm women Contractions at 0.8 second intervals Contractions of vagina, uterus and anal sphincter men Rhythmic contractions of genital ducts, muscles at the base of the penis, and penis May be followed by ejaculation of semen resolution Return to pre-orgasmic state Sexual Response Cycle Problems with Masters Johnson Theoretical Model ? Model does not allow for individual variation, and suggests that most people proceed smoothly through discrete stages. ? Model focuses on orgasm as the climax of a sexual encounter; may deemphasize other forms of sexual pleasure, and pressure couples to meet this sexual “goal”. ? M