The difficulty with pronouncing English vowels与英语元音发音的困难.pptVIP

Phonemes Linguists classify the speech sounds used in a language into a number of abstract categories called phonemes. English, for example, has 44 phonemes, although the number varies according to the dialect of the speaker and the system of the classification. Phonemes are abstract categories which allow us to group together subsets of speech sounds. Even though no two speech sounds, or phones, are identical, all of the phones classified into one phoneme category are similar enough so that they convey the same meaning. Description of the English consonants ??????????????? English consonants can be classified according to 1. the points of articulation 2. the manners of articulation 3. the state of the vocal cords Points of articulation 1.? bilabial (two lips) 2.? labio-dental (top teeth/bottom lip) 3.? dental (tongue tip/top teeth) 4.? alveolar (tongue tip/tooth ridge) 5.? post alveolar (tongue tip or mid/hard palate) 6.? palatal (tongue mid/hard palate) 7.? velar (tongue back/ soft palate) 8. glottal Manners of articulation 1.? Stops (or plosives) 2.? Fricatives 3.? Affricates 4.? Nasals 5.? Lateral 6. Approximants English consonants and their description /p/- voiceless bilabio stop /b/- voiced bilabio stop /t/- voiceless alveolar stop /d/- voiced alveolar stop /k/- voiceless velar stop /?/- voiced velar stop /f/- voiceless labiodental fricative /v/- voiced labiodental fricative /?/- voiceless dental fricative /?/- voiced dental fricative /s/- voiceless alveolar fricatives /z/- voiced alveolar fricative English consonants and their description /?/- voiceless post-alveolar fricative /?/- voiced post-alveolar fricative /h/- voiceless glottal fricative /t?/- voiceless post-alveolar affricate /d?/- voiced post-alveolar affricate /m/- voiced bilabial nasal /n/- voiced alveolar nasal /n/- vo