The individual and the species in the cultural evolution of文化进化中的个体与物种.pptVIP

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2017-03-09 发布于上海
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The individual and the species in the cultural evolution of文化进化中的个体与物种.ppt

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The individual and the species in the cultural evolution of文化进化中的个体与物种

Constraining the time when language evolved Sverker Johansson School of Education Communication University of J?nk?ping, Sweden Precise time of language emergence cannot be determined Upper limits Trivial limit: The other apes do not have language Most parsimonious conclusion: Our common ancestor did not have language. Upper age limit: At the time of the common ancestor. Common ancestor most likely lived 5-8 million years ago Upper age limit in the vicinity of 5 million years Upper limits II Non-trivial limits possible? Minimum brain size needed for language? Possibly – but given what chimps can be taught, the limit cannot be much beyond chimp capacity. No way to determine a firm limit absent living australopiths. “Hobbits”? Language associated with symbolic culture? Does absence of culture imply absence of language? Possibly... Does absence of durable material artefacts imply absence of language? Hardly! Speech anatomy needed for language? Not if sign language came first. Non-trivial upper limit not possible! Lower limits Trivial limit – or is it? All modern humans have language Most parsimonious conclusion: Our last common ancestor had language. Lower age limit: At the time of the common ancestor. Common ancestor most likely lived 100,000-200,000 years ago Genetic data – “mitochondrial Eve”, “Y-Adam” etc. Archeological data indicating when we left Africa and arrived elsewhere Lower age limit in the vicinity of 100,000 years Not trivial – theories placing language origins at less than 100,000 years are far from rare. Lower limits II Language fossils? Language as such not visible in fossils, but: Anatomical language adaptations might be. Traces of other symbolic behavior might be. Two kinds of limits possible: Directly from the age of such finds. Indirectly – if anatomy or symbols found in different branches of the family tree, the limit is pushed back to their common ancestor. Lower limits III -- Anatomy Speech organs Hearing organs Brain Neural connect